France and Sweden approached to managing supply and demand.

Sweden-

›Phasing out nuclear

›Phasing out fossil fuels

›100% renewable energy by 2050

›Wind will cover 57% the rest by HEP & Biomass mainly

›Emissions drop per capital

France-

›Currently a net exporter of energy

›Demand increases

›To prevent this continued development of Nuclear energy – 75% current mix

›Europe’s largest electricity importer.

›To reduce emissions it only develops primary energy from nuclear – keeping fossil fuel emissions low

›But has to import the secondary energy of electricity

OPEC

Who is OPEC-

›A powerful player in the global energy supply

›To maintain stable prices OPEC boosts supplies when demand rises and reduces them when demand falls

›¾ of World oil reserves controlled by OPEC

Energy conservations in the work place and homes.

Mark and Spencers-

›M&S – conserve – educate staff to be energy conscious – switch lights off.

›Nearly all stores operate a remote half-hourly energy monitoring system

›Invested in up-to-date refrigeration systems

›Works with Carbon Trust to educate employees & design energy efficient stores

›Runs energy awareness campaigns

›30% less carbon emissions than in 2002.

Man City Football club-

› Wind turbines & Solar panels on roof of stadium powers the floodlights and enough to contribute to local community

›One of greenest sporting stadiums in the World

›Built on a brownfield site

›Stadium powered by wind turbines in front of the stadium

›Reduced club carbon emissions by 3,500 tonnes per year

›Creates more electricity than needed and feeds into the local grid

Home-

›Loft insulation – keep in heat›Solar power for heating hot water›Movement sensors for light coming on & off›Cavity walls filled for insulation›Energy efficient boiler & appliances›Collect roof water and used for garden – sometimes used for toilet systems›Bedzed - London

Transport-

Technology –

›fuel efficient cars

›Hybrid cars

›Electric cars

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Transport – reduce use of cars

›Cycle to work – free/cheap bike for work

›Congestion charges – less cost for greener cars

›Better public transport – Trams in Nottingham

›Car share

›Road tax – cheaper for greener

Appropriate technology

Appropriate technology- is technology that is sustainable for that area they are low cost They are used by local knowledge.

Solar cookers-
Solar cooker conduct heat and harnesses energy in a environmental way.
Benefits
solar power cooker are used to pasturise water reducing risk of disease
 at bacteria is killed.
They can be used to disinfect medical supplies.
Reduce imports of fossil fuels also deforestation is not a problem.
2 billion people rely on wood and charcoal for cooking fuel
They can be made from recycled material.
Eliminated work fuel wood collecting.
Produces no harmful pollution

Sustainable energy supply.

Potential of biomass as sustainable energy supply
Biomass is a material that was recently living.(wood, plants animal waste)
Materials are burnt to release energy. It can be processes to produce biofuels
biofuels- to ferment sugarcane to produce alcohol.
It is a sustainable energy resource
Biomass is released by burning, which produces carbon dioxide. Biomass does not contribute to global warming as the amount of Co2 released equals the amount of co2 taken in. eg Brazils 18% transport fuel is from biomass.

Disadvantages- Large land is needed to produce sufficient amounts of bio fuels. Fossil fuels are often used to transport biomass.
Wood burning produces methane.

Solar power-Energy from the sun. It is a clean energy resource. Solar water heaters use the sun to heat water.
PV cells convert light energy into electrical energy. Which can be transported of used.

Disadvantages- Co2 released when equipment of produced.
PV cells are expensive.
Large areas of solar panels and sunny climate is needed.
It could generate 2.5% of the world energy by 2025.

Tidal energy- comes from the movement of tides. Tides can be harnessed by used tidal barrages which is dam built on a rivers estuary as the tide flows in water passes the gates of the barrage turning wind turbines that generate electricity. 

As the earth is covered i 71% water it would be ideal. Tidal energy has a high energy density.

Disadvantages- the cost for construction of a tidal power plant is very high. Creating dams is hard engineering method. These plants can only be build in coastal regions which means it is build far from where it is consumed so transportation is costly,

Wave energy- is harnessed using a wave generator.  Water enters the chamber the increased mass forces air in the chamber which turns the turbine.

Disadvantages- Waves are unreliable as there aren't always waves.
Generators are expensive.

HEP-
energy of falling. HEP supply about 20% of the worlds energy.
Once plants are build there release no green house gases.
At HEP large dams are build to trap large volumes of water. Tunnels containing turbines are built into the dams. The pressure of the water above drives water through the tunnels, turning the turbines.
Generators the covert the energy into electricity.

Disadvantages of HEP- Construction of dams means habitats and communities are destroyed.'
If dams fail then large areas of land will flood. Ecosystems ad fish migratory paths are disrupted  The plants are expensive to build making the release CO2.

The Nurek Dam in Tajikstan is the tallest dam in the world and has nine HEP turbines it supplies 98% of the countries electricity.

Wind energy- Harnessed by wind turbines. Wind turbines are built where there are regular winds. The energy turns the blades on the turbine converting wind energy into mechanical energy this is then converted into electrical energy by a generator.
Denmark produces 19.7% of its own wind energy.

Disadvantages- The amount of energy depends on wind strength.
Creates noise pollution. Turbines can kill birds.Large amount of land is needed to supply the demand. Less ascetically pleasing. Many turbines are needed for a sustainable amount of energy eg the largest turbine can only supply energy for 457 people.
You need 7000 wind turbines to create enough energy as a nuclear power plant.

Case study-Aberystwyth

›Cefn Crowyn in the hills above Aberystwyth – the coast – windy location

›Wales one of the windiest places in the World

›Wind farms can be onshore & offshore

›Wind is strongest in winter when energy is needed most

›Most powerful onshore wind farm in UK

›Cost £50 million – June 2005

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Case study- East Siberia Pacific Ocean pipeline.

ESPO- Gas prom pipeline. Supplies nearly all of Asia's gas decreasing reliance on the Middle East.
Russia has a lot of oil and gas and is connected to China and Japan also it has made a deal with China to meet China's gas demand. As the pipes are going through any countries to reach the consumers this may cause geopolitics if the oil leaks also it has been re-routed due to environmental impacts of this pipeline eg it would have passed the habitat of the Amur cat which is a endangered species.


›ESPO oil pipeline to be completed by 2016 – 2600 miles long
›The pipeline offer Russia a new energy pathway into Pacific markets – markets which are increasing in consumption!›Russia, China & Japan are interested in the pipeline for Geopolitical reasons›China & Japan competing for Russia’s oil and ESPO to secure their future energy››To support it’s rapid economic growth›China’s communist part need reliable energy supplies to maintain control›Current Oil comes by tanker through the Strait of Malacca (near Malaysia) and are subject to pirate attacksJapan wants Russias oil ›It has almost no oil reserves of it’s own›It’s the World’s 3rd largest oil consumer›¾ of oil comes from the Middle East so it is very dependent on this unstable part of the World›Access to ESPO will reduce dependency by 15%›Japan wants to engage with Russia & increase economic and political influence that is falling›Japanese government to finance ESPO project $7 billion if pipeline doesn’t end in China but extends to Pacific Coast closer to Japan.›This would restrict Chinese access to Russia’s oil & strengthen Russia & Japan’s relationship›Russia will also be able to export to other pacific countries such as Malaysia›

TNC-Shell Case study.(bad impact

Shell is a global energy production company. It has more that 104,000 employees in more than 110 countries. It helps demand of economic energy demand.

The Niger Delta is a river system and has farmland occupied by 6 million ethnic minorities. It is the most important wetland in the world and also an area rich in oil.
Shell spent 220 million on roads health clinics and education in the Niger delta region n just one year and a further 100 million of environmental projects in return they made a deal with the government to posses the oil reserve.
The Nigerian education suffered greatly from the government dept. as today 6 million children dont attend school and the literacy rate is 67%.

Nigeria delta i in great dept to the world bank, last year shell contributes 25 million to the economy but the government as in 10 million deficit.

The Agoni tribe are inhabitants of the delta and live of the land agriculture. Shells oil extraction lead to the scaring of their land and farm land decreasing their standard of living. The government killed 80 people who protested against shell.

Ken saro wiva was a member of the Agoni people whos land was being targeted for oil extraction since 1950  and the land has suffered from environmental damage.

IN 1995 Ken was Killed due to his apposition of shell.
(Boyycott shell) and he was a critic of the Nigerian government as he was fighting for his land for 30 years. He did non violent protest against shell as a president for a (survival of the Agoni people )

The oil industry earns millions a year and leaves rust pipelines , and contaminated air and water damage to crops due to open gas flares.